Old Plovdiv tells stories, whispers legends, and preserves traditions from distant and almost forgotten times. It holds secrets that have captivated the minds and imagination of generations before us—and, if we succeed in preserving them, likely generations after us as well.

Archaeological excavations reveal that the earliest traces of habitation in the area of present-day Plovdiv date back more than 8,000 years, to the Neolithic period, around the 6th millennium BC. These early settlers left behind evidence of continuous habitation, making Plovdiv one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Europe. The ancient face of Plovdiv bears the marks of the mystical Thracians. It is believed that the city was founded by the Thracian tribe of the Bessi and served as an important religious, cultural, and trade center under the name Eumolpia. The name is linked to the mythical Thracian singer and priest Eumolpus, regarded as the city’s founder and a significant figure in Thracian mythology and culture.

Later, conquered by Philip II of Macedon, the city—renamed Philippopolis in his honor—was surrounded by strong fortress walls.

Incorporated into the Roman Empire and renamed Trimontium, it became the largest commercial center of the Roman province of Thrace. Its prosperity was owed to its strategic position along Via Diagonalis, the major route connecting Asia with Central Europe. With its splendor and aristocratic character, the city impressed and fascinated ancient chroniclers.

Yet Plovdiv’s story does not end there. Despite centuries of invasions, occupations, and upheavals, the city consistently rose again and preserved its vitality. Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman rule each left their distinct imprint, transforming Plovdiv into a vibrant mosaic of cultures, religions, and traditions. This layered coexistence shaped the city’s contemporary identity and openness to the world.

Perhaps for this reason, Old Plovdiv is perceived as a mysterious—almost sacred—place, wrapped in legends and myths that lend it a timeless, mystical aura rooted in its deep connection to the past.

Let the Legends Speak
 

The Legend of the Hills

The Latin name Trimontium means “City of Three Hills,” referring to Nebet Tepe, Taksim Tepe, and Dzhambaz Tepe. Over time, the city expanded to include Sahat Tepe, Bunardzhika, Markovo Tepe, and Dzhendem Tepe.

Legend tells that Plovdiv’s seven hills were once enormous stones hurled by the titan Balkan (Hemус) at Poseidon, during a battle for the love of the extraordinarily beautiful Rhodopa.

To most residents today, the hills are known by their Turkish names, while their Thracian and Roman names remain largely forgotten.

Dzhendem Tepe, whose name translates to “Hill of Hell,” was also called Jin Tepe (Hill of Spirits), as it was believed to be haunted. An ancient Thracian name for the hill, Kendrosis, suggests it was once covered with cedar trees. It was also known as the “Hill of the Dryad Nymphs,” with legends speaking of scattered altars linked to ancient cult practices.

At the heart of Plovdiv rises Sahat Tepe—the “Hill of the Clock.” Its name dates back to Roman times, when a water and sundial stood on its eastern slope. The hill was also known as Orpheus’ Hill and later Danov Hill, in honor of Bulgarian cultural figure Hristo G. Danov.

Dzhambaz Tepe, meaning “Hill of the Acrobats,” was named after a rope said to have been lowered from its peak, challenging brave men to climb and prove their strength and courage.

Taksim Tepe derives its name from the Turkish word for “water distribution.” The Romans built an aqueduct from the nearby village of Markovo to this hill, from which water was distributed throughout the city. Some historians believe this hill once hosted the castle of Philip of Macedon.

Nebet Tepe, meaning “The Watchman,” stands guard over the Old Town. Its slopes are scattered with stone remnants of Thracian craftsmanship, bearing witness to a civilization skilled in working with stone, silver, and gold. Ancient chronicles also refer to it as the “Hill of the Muses.”

Bunardzhika, also known as Hill of the Liberators or Alyosha, is a beloved retreat from city noise. Nearby once stood Markovo Tepe, now largely gone, linked by legend to the hero Krali Marko, who leapt across the hills on his horse.

Some researchers claim Plovdiv once had nine hills, including Petritsa and Laut Tepe, though this remains debated. With its hills, Plovdiv rivals ancient giants like Rome and Athens.

The Legend of Rhodopa and Hemus

One legend tells of the deep love between the beautiful Rhodopa and the mighty Hemus, son of Gaia. Their forbidden love angered the gods, who transformed them into mountains—Hemus becoming the Balkan Range, and Rhodopa the Rhodope Mountains. Condemned to gaze at one another forever, they remain symbols of eternal, unattainable love.

The Myth of Plovdiv’s Founding

Ancient tradition says the city was founded by Eumolpias, son of Rhodopa. After Poseidon abducted him as a child, Eumolpias returned, found only his mother’s mountain, and settled by the river hills, founding Eumolpia in his name.

The Legend of Avitohol

Another powerful legend tells of Avitohol, abandoned as a child and raised by a deer. His name—“Son of the Doe”—symbolizes harmony between humanity and nature. Gifted with great strength and wisdom, Avitohol became a legendary ruler, embodying balance between the natural and human worlds.

These myths and legends form an integral part of Plovdiv’s rich cultural heritage, shaping its unique atmosphere and mystical allure for visitors.

How Tourism Shapes Plovdiv

Tourism plays a vital role in Plovdiv’s economic growth and cultural vitality. It sustains traditions while inspiring new ones and contributes to the city’s dynamic evolution.

Plovdiv’s efforts to develop as a modern, sustainable city offering high quality of life and world-class hospitality have proven successful. Hotels in Plovdiv provide services at an international level, strengthening the city’s reputation as an open and attractive destination.

Tourism continues to redefine Plovdiv’s contemporary image, establishing it as a true European cultural capital—rooted in a rich past, alive in the present, and confidently looking toward the future.